{"id":79,"date":"2021-05-29T21:47:11","date_gmt":"2021-05-29T11:47:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/hkm.ru\/?page_id=79"},"modified":"2026-04-05T21:21:55","modified_gmt":"2026-04-05T11:21:55","slug":"istoriya-muzeya","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/hkm.ru\/zh\/istoriya-muzeya\/","title":{"rendered":"\u535a\u7269\u9986\u5386\u53f2"},"content":{"rendered":"

1894 \u5e74 4 \u6708 19 \u65e5\uff0c\u54c8\u5df4\u7f57\u592b\u65af\u514b\u535a\u7269\u9986\u5728\u5e02\u6c11\u3001\u90e8\u961f\u4ee3\u8868\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u754c\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u548c\u9ad8\u7ea7\u5b98\u5458\u7684\u89c1\u8bc1\u4e0b\u5f00\u9986\u3002\u4e0e\u5f53\u65f6\u6240\u6709\u7684\u65b0\u5de5\u7a0b\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u5f00\u9986\u4eea\u5f0f\u4e0a\u4e5f\u4e3e\u884c\u4e86\u7948\u7977\u4eea\u5f0f\u3002 <\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u9996\u5c4a\u535a\u7269\u9986\u535a\u89c8\u4f1a\u5728 Tikhmenevskaya \u8857\uff08\u73b0 Seryshev \u8857\uff09\u4e0a\u7684\u836f\u623f\u4ed3\u5e93\u4e3e\u884c\uff0c\u8be5\u4ed3\u5e93\u7531\u666e\u91cc\u963f\u7a46\u5c14\u65af\u57fa\u533a\u519b\u533b\u68c0\u67e5\u5458\u74e6\u897f\u91cc-\u5c3c\u53e4\u62c9\u8036\u7ef4\u5947-\u62c9\u8fbe\u79d1\u592b\uff08Vasily Nikolayevich Radakov\uff09\u7ba1\u8f96\uff0c\u4ed6\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u70ed\u8877\u4e8e\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u9e1f\u7c7b\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u54c8\u5df4\u7f57\u592b\u65af\u514b\u535a\u7269\u9986\u7ec4\u7ec7\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u575a\u5b9a\u652f\u6301\u8005\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u74e6\u897f\u91cc-\u5c3c\u53e4\u62c9\u8036\u7ef4\u5947\u5f53\u9009\u4e3a\u535a\u7269\u9986\u9996\u4efb\u9986\u957f\uff0c\u4e00\u5e74\u540e\uff0c\u74e6\u897f\u91cc-\u5f7c\u5f97\u7f57\u7ef4\u5947-\u9a6c\u5c14\u52a0\u91cc\u6258\u592b--\u533a\u5b66\u6821\u7763\u5b66\u3001\u666e\u91cc\u963f\u7a46\u5c14\u5dde\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u548c\u4eba\u79cd\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u5458--\u7ee7\u4efb\u9986\u957f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7b2c\u4e00\u6279\u535a\u7269\u9986\u85cf\u54c1\u6765\u81ea\u5730\u7406\u5b66\u4f1a\u666e\u91cc\u963f\u7a46\u5c14\u65af\u57fa\u5206\u4f1a\u79ef\u6781\u5206\u5b50\u548c\u57ce\u5e02\u5c45\u6c11\u7684\u5927\u91cf\u6350\u8d60\u3002 <\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

\u7b2c\u4e00\u6279\u535a\u7269\u9986\u85cf\u54c1\u6765\u81ea\u5730\u7406\u5b66\u4f1a\u666e\u91cc\u963f\u7a46\u5c14\u65af\u57fa\u5206\u4f1a\u79ef\u6781\u5206\u5b50\u548c\u57ce\u5e02\u5c45\u6c11\u7684\u5927\u91cf\u6350\u8d60\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0cV.N. \u62c9\u8fbe\u79d1\u592b\uff08V.N. Radakov\uff09\u5411\u535a\u7269\u9986\u6350\u8d60\u4e86\u7ecf\u8fc7\u79d1\u5b66\u5904\u7406\u7684\u9e1f\u7c7b\u85cf\u54c1\uff0cS.A. \u8499\u79d1\u592b\u65af\u57fa\uff08S.A. Monkovsky\uff09\u6350\u8d60\u4e86\u6606\u866b\u85cf\u54c1\uff0cM.S. \u7ef4\u97e6\u767b\u65af\u57fa\uff08M.S. Vvedensky\uff09\u6350\u8d60\u4e86\u6807\u672c\u5ba4\u3002\u5728\u968f\u540e\u7684\u65f6\u95f4\u91cc\uff0c\u535a\u7269\u9986\u7684\u85cf\u54c1\u5728\u884c\u653f\u90e8\u95e8\u4ee3\u8868\u3001\u54c8\u5df4\u7f57\u592b\u65af\u514b\u6559\u5e08\u3001\u533b\u751f\u548c\u5546\u4eba\u7684\u8d44\u52a9\u4e0b\u4e0d\u65ad\u5b8c\u5584\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u62ec M.A. Sokovnin\u3001E.V. Lopatin\u3001A. Rozhdestvensky\u3001V.I. Tyushev\u3001S.N. Taskin\u3001E. Nino \u7b49\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728\u521b\u5efa\u535a\u7269\u9986\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5e1d\u56fd\u5730\u7406\u5b66\u4f1a\uff08POIRGO\uff09\u666e\u91cc\u963f\u7a46\u5c14\u65af\u57fa\u5206\u4f1a\u9996\u4efb\u4e3b\u5e2d\u3001\u603b\u7763\u5c3c\u53e4\u62c9-\u4f0a\u4e07\u8bfa\u7ef4\u5947-\u683c\u7f57\u5fb7\u79d1\u592b\u529f\u4e0d\u53ef\u6ca1\u3002<\/strong>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u4ed6\u6350\u732e\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u4e2a\u4eba\u8d44\u91d1\u6765\u5efa\u8bbe\u535a\u7269\u9986\uff0c\u6536\u96c6\u4e86\u6700\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u4eba\u79cd\u5b66\u85cf\u54c1\uff0c\u8d2d\u4e70\u4e86\u4e66\u7c4d\u3001\u7ed8\u753b\u3001\u53e4\u94b1\u5e01\uff0c\u5e76\u521b\u529e\u4e86\u827a\u672f\u90e8\u30021902 \u5e74\uff0cIRGO \u7684\u666e\u91cc\u963f\u7a46\u5c14\u65af\u57fa\u90e8\u95e8\u5411\u5185\u52a1\u90e8\u63d0\u51fa\u7533\u8bf7\uff0c\u8981\u6c42\u4ee5\u683c\u7f57\u5fb7\u79d1\u592b\u7684\u540d\u5b57\u547d\u540d\u535a\u7269\u9986\uff0c\u5e76\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u6279\u51c6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u836f\u623f\u4ed3\u5e93\u53ea\u662f\u535a\u7269\u9986\u7684\u4e34\u65f6\u4f4f\u6240\u3002\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\uff0c\u5728\u5f00\u5e55\u5f0f\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c31\u8c08\u5230\u4e86\u5efa\u9020\u65b0\u9986\u7684\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\u3002\u5f88\u5feb\uff0c\u5927\u5bb6\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e3a\u535a\u7269\u9986\u5efa\u9020\u4e00\u5ea7\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u5efa\u7b51\u3002\u5efa\u7b51\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u7531 N.I. Grodekov \u9886\u5bfc\uff0cN.F. Aleksandrov \u7ed8\u5236\u4e86\u5efa\u7b51\u8349\u56fe\uff0cL.O. Chaikovsky \u5de5\u7a0b\u5e08\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u8bbe\u8ba1\u548c\u4f30\u7b97\u3002\u4ed6\u8fd8\u8d1f\u8d23\u76d1\u7763\u65bd\u5de5\u3002\u535a\u7269\u9986\u7684\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u5efa\u8bbe\u8d44\u91d1\u6765\u81ea\u5e02\u6c11\u7684\u79c1\u4eba\u6350\u6b3e\u30021896 \u5e74 5 \u6708\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u603b\u6570\u5df2\u8d85\u8fc7 1 \u4e07\u4ef6\u7684\u535a\u7269\u9986\u85cf\u54c1\u88ab\u8f6c\u79fb\u5230\u4e86\u5c1a\u672a\u5b8c\u5de5\u7684\u5efa\u7b51\u4e2d\u3002\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u4e00\u53ea\u91cd\u8fbe 400 \u78c5\u7684\u82b1\u5c97\u5ca9\u96d5\u523b\u6d77\u9f9f\u4ece\u4e4c\u82cf\u91cc\u65af\u514b\u9644\u8fd1\u88ab\u8fd0\u5230\u535a\u7269\u9986\u5927\u697c\u3002\u5b83\u662f\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u5973\u771f\u6307\u6325\u5b98\u57c3\u897f\u5e93\u4e9a\uff08Esykuya\uff09\u5893\u7fa4\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u5982\u4eca\uff0c\u5b83\u4ecd\u7136\u77d7\u7acb\u5728\u535a\u7269\u9986\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u5efa\u7b51\u524d\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u57ce\u5e02\u73af\u5883\u4e0d\u53ef\u5206\u5272\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u548c\u57ce\u5e02\u4f20\u8bf4\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
\u54c8\u5df4\u7f57\u592b\u65af\u514b 1900 \u5e74\u4ee3\u3002<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

1896 \u5e74 12 \u6708 6 \u65e5\uff0c\u54c8\u5df4\u7f57\u592b\u65af\u514b\u535a\u7269\u9986\u65b0\u5efa\u7b51\u7684\u524d\u4e09\u5206\u4e4b\u4e00\u4e3e\u884c\u4e86\u6b63\u5f0f\u5f00\u9986\u5e86\u5178\u3002\u5c3c\u53e4\u62c9\u4e8c\u4e16\u7687\u5e1d\u4e3a\u6b64\u5411\u666e\u91cc\u963f\u7a46\u5c14\u603b\u7763 S.M. Dukhovsky \u53d1\u9001\u4e86\u8d3a\u7535\u3002\u535a\u89c8\u4f1a\u5728\u4e8c\u697c\u548c\u4e09\u697c\u5927\u5385\u4e3e\u884c\u3002\u5efa\u7b51\u65bd\u5de5\u548c\u85cf\u54c1\u8865\u5145\u5de5\u4f5c\u4ecd\u5728\u7ee7\u7eed\u30021897 \u5e74\uff0c\u535a\u7269\u9986\u6700\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u85cf\u54c1\u662f\u4e24\u5177\u65af\u7279\u52d2\u6d77\u725b\u7684\u9aa8\u9abc\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

1898 \u5e74\uff0c\u535a\u7269\u9986\u589e\u5efa\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5c42\uff0c\u5373\u5efa\u7b51\u7684\u4e2d\u5fc3\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u5171\u4e24\u5c42\uff0c1900 \u5e74\u53c8\u589e\u5efa\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e09\u5c42\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6574\u4e2a\u535a\u7269\u9986\u5efa\u7b51\u7684\u843d\u6210\u5178\u793c\u4e8e 1900 \u5e74 8 \u6708 1 \u65e5\u4e3e\u884c\uff0c\u6b63\u503c\u5e86\u795d\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u56fd\u65d7\u5728\u963f\u7a46\u5c14\u6cb3\u53e3\u5347\u8d77 50 \u5468\u5e74\u3002\u65b0\u9986\u957f\u8c22\u82d7-\u5c3c\u53e4\u62c9\u8036\u7ef4\u5947-\u4e07\u79d1\u592b\uff08Semyon Nikolaevich Vankov\uff09\u4e3a\u535a\u7269\u9986\u8d2d\u4e70\u4e86 10 \u95e8\u53e4\u4ee3\u8981\u585e\u5927\u70ae\uff0c\u5e76\u4e3a\u535a\u7269\u9986\u7684\u7ae3\u5de5\u52df\u96c6\u4e86\u66f4\u591a\u6350\u6b3e\u3002\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u9886\u5bfc\u4e0b\uff0c\u535a\u7269\u9986\u5468\u56f4\u7528\u5927\u70ae\u548c\u539f\u6765\u7684\u6805\u680f\u4fee\u5efa\u4e86\u6805\u680f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6805\u680f\u81f3\u4eca\u672a\u80fd\u4fdd\u5b58\u4e0b\u6765\u30021160 \u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\u7684\u5c55\u5385\u80fd\u591f\u5bb9\u7eb3\u7cfb\u7edf\u5316\u7684\u85cf\u54c1\u3002 \u8be5\u535a\u7269\u9986\u7406\u6240\u5f53\u7136\u5730\u6210\u4e3a \"\u54c8\u5df4\u7f57\u592b\u65af\u514b\u7684\u660e\u73e0\u548c\u666e\u91cc\u963f\u7a46\u5c14\u8036\u6700\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u5b9d\u5e93\"\u3002\u540c\u5e74\uff0c\u5373 1900 \u5e74\uff0c\u54c8\u5df4\u7f57\u592b\u65af\u514b\u535a\u7269\u9986\u53c2\u52a0\u4e86\u5728\u5df4\u9ece\u4e3e\u884c\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u535a\u89c8\u4f1a\uff0c\u5e76\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u91d1\u5956\u3002<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u54c8\u5df4\u7f57\u592b\u65af\u514b\u535a\u7269\u9986\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7814\u7a76\u673a\u6784\uff0c\u8fd9\u8981\u5f52\u529f\u4e8e\u5efa\u9986\u4e4b\u521d\u4eba\u4eec\u5bf9\u5404\u79cd\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u70ed\u60c5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u683c\u7f57\u5fb7\u79d1\u592b\u65af\u57fa\u535a\u7269\u9986\u8fd8\u662f\u5728\u67d0\u79cd\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u8d70\u5411\u4e86\u8870\u843d\u30021904-1905 \u5e74\u65e5\u4fc4\u6218\u4e89\u7684\u540e\u679c\u5df2\u7ecf\u9020\u6210\u4e86\u635f\u5931\u3002\u5411\u535a\u7269\u9986\u7684\u6350\u8d60\u51e0\u4e4e\u505c\u6b62\uff0c\u636e\u540c\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u4eba\u8bf4\uff0c\u535a\u7269\u9986\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8 \"\u5e76\u4e0d\u7279\u522b\u6d3b\u8dc3\"\u3002\u62e8\u6b3e\u4ec5\u591f\u7ef4\u4fee\u5929\u82b1\u677f\u548c\u706b\u7089\u3002\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u85cf\u54c1\u5f00\u59cb\u9000\u5316\u3002\u535a\u7269\u9986\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u6062\u590d\u59cb\u4e8e 1910 \u5e74\uff0c\u5f53\u65f6\u8457\u540d\u7684\u65c5\u884c\u5bb6\u548c\u7814\u7a76\u5458\u5f17\u62c9\u57fa\u7c73\u5c14-\u514b\u62c9\u592b\u5b63\u8036\u7ef4\u5947-\u963f\u5c14\u8c22\u5c3c\u8036\u592b\u5f53\u9009\u4e3a\u9986\u957f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\u963f\u5c14\u8c22\u5c3c\u8036\u592b\u65f6\u671f \"\u662f\u535a\u7269\u9986\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u771f\u6b63\u7684 \"\u9ec4\u91d1\u65f6\u4ee3\"\u3002\u6b63\u662f\u963f\u5c14\u8c22\u5c3c\u8036\u592b\u786e\u5b9a\u4e86\u535a\u7269\u9986\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u65b9\u5411\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e3a\u535a\u7269\u9986\u5e26\u6765\u4e86\u58f0\u8a89\uff0c\u81f3\u4eca\u4ecd\u662f\u535a\u7269\u9986\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u7cbe\u9ad3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u6b63\u662f\u963f\u5c14\u8c22\u5c3c\u8036\u592b\u786e\u5b9a\u4e86\u535a\u7269\u9986\u5de5\u4f5c\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u65b9\u5411\uff0c\u4f7f\u535a\u7269\u9986\u58f0\u540d\u9e4a\u8d77<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

\u6bcf\u5e74\u7684\u8003\u5bdf\u6210\u4e3a\u535a\u7269\u9986\u85cf\u54c1\u7684\u8865\u5145\u6765\u6e90\u3002V.K. \u963f\u5c14\u8c22\u5c3c\u8036\u592b\u53ca\u5176\u540c\u4e8b\u7684\u4eba\u79cd\u5b66\u3001\u52a8\u7269\u5b66\u3001\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u6536\u85cf\u81f3\u4eca\u4ecd\u5177\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u4ef7\u503c\u3002\u963f\u5c14\u8c22\u5c3c\u8036\u592b\u5c06\u54c8\u5df4\u7f57\u592b\u65af\u514b\u548c\u666e\u91cc\u963f\u7a46\u5c14\u8036\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u529b\u91cf\u56e2\u7ed3\u5728\u81ea\u5df1\u5468\u56f4\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u535a\u7269\u9986\u4e8b\u4e1a\u662f\u5168\u6c11\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u8ba9\u516c\u4f17\u79ef\u6781\u5206\u5b50\u53c2\u4e0e\u6536\u96c6\u85cf\u54c1\u3002\u5c3c-\u963f-\u5fb7\u82cf\u62c9\u7ef4\uff08N.A. Desulavi\uff09\u662f\u519b\u6821\u6559\u5e08\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u4f4d\u6770\u51fa\u7684\u690d\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\uff0c\u662f\u4ed6\u63a2\u9669\u65f6\u7684\u5e38\u4f34\u548c\u535a\u7269\u9986\u7684\u540c\u4e8b\u3002\u4e3a\u4e86\u5904\u7406\u85cf\u54c1\uff0c\u963f\u5c14\u8c22\u5c3c\u8036\u592b\u83b7\u5f97\u4e86\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u8d44\u91d1\uff0c\u5e76\u9080\u8bf7\u4e86\u7b79\u5907\u4eba V.V. Dombrovsky\u3002\u4e1c\u5e03\u7f57\u592b\u65af\u57fa<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

V.K. \u963f\u5c14\u8c22\u5c3c\u8036\u592b\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4e0e\u5f53\u5730\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u4eba\u5458\u79ef\u6781\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u8fd8\u4e0e\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u548c\u56fd\u5916\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u5efa\u7acb\u4e86\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\u3002\u5728\u62c5\u4efb\u535a\u7269\u9986\u9986\u957f\u671f\u95f4\uff0cV.K. \u963f\u5c14\u8c22\u5c3c\u8036\u592b\u5411\u4e16\u4eba\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5199\u4f5c\u624d\u534e\uff0c\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u300a\u8bba\u4e4c\u82cf\u91cc\u65af\u514b\u5730\u533a\u300b\u548c\u300aDersu Uzala\u300b\u4e24\u672c\u6770\u51fa\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u30021918 \u5e74\uff0cV.K. \u963f\u5c14\u8c22\u5c3c\u8036\u592b\u4ece\u582a\u5bdf\u52a0\u534a\u5c9b\u63a2\u9669\u5f52\u6765\u540e\u642c\u5230\u4e86\u7b26\u62c9\u8fea\u6c83\u65af\u6258\u514b\uff0c\u4e2d\u65ad\u4e86\u54c8\u5df4\u7f57\u592b\u65af\u514b\u535a\u7269\u9986\u9986\u957f\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u76f4\u5230 1924 \u5e74 10 \u6708\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5185\u6218\u7684\u56db\u5e74\u548c\u6218\u540e\u7684\u4e24\u5e74\u51e0\u4e4e\u662f\u535a\u7269\u9986\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\u6700\u5173\u952e\u7684\u65f6\u671f\u30021921 \u5e74 1 \u6708\uff0c\"\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5e1d\u56fd\u5730\u7406\u5b66\u4f1a\u666e\u91cc\u963f\u7a46\u5c14\u65af\u57fa\u90e8\u683c\u7f57\u5fb7\u79d1\u592b\u65af\u57fa\u535a\u7269\u9986 \"\u7684\u6b63\u5f0f\u540d\u79f0\u88ab\u53d6\u6d88\u3002\u535a\u7269\u9986\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u4eba\u5458\u7f29\u51cf\u4e3a\u9986\u957f\u548c\u7ba1\u7406\u5458\u3002\u5386\u53f2\u3001\u5de5\u4e1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u548c\u827a\u672f\u90e8\u95e8\u88ab\u53d6\u6d88\u3002\u85cf\u54c1\u56e0\u5bd2\u51b7\u548c\u6f6e\u6e7f\u800c\u635f\u6bc1\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

20 \u4e16\u7eaa 20 \u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u5728\u52a0\u5165\u683c\u62c9\u592b\u7eb3\u4e4c\u5361\u7cfb\u7edf\u540e\uff0c\u535a\u7269\u9986\u52a0\u5f3a\u4e86\u79d1\u5b66\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u963f\u5c14\u8c22\u5c3c\u8036\u592b\uff08V.K. Arsenyev\uff09\u91cd\u65b0\u62c5\u4efb\u9986\u957f\uff0c\u5e76\u62db\u8058\u4e86\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u4e13\u5bb6\uff0c\u5e2e\u52a9\u535a\u7269\u9986\u514b\u670d\u4e86\u5371\u673a\u3002<\/strong> 1924 \u5e74 12 \u6708\uff0c\u52a8\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6 A.I. \u5361\u5c14\u8fbe\u79d1\u592b\u53d7\u8058\u5728\u535a\u7269\u9986\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u8457\u540d\u6807\u672c\u5265\u5236\u5e08 G.E. \u7d22\u5c14\u65af\u57fa\u5e94\u9080\u4ece\u4f0a\u5c14\u5e93\u8328\u514b\u6765\u5230\u535a\u7269\u9986\uff0c\u5e74\u8f7b\u7684\u4eba\u79cd\u5b66\u5bb6 N.A. \u8c22\u5c14\u514b\u4ece\u5217\u5b81\u683c\u52d2\u5927\u5b66\u8d76\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1926 \u5e74\uff0cV.K. \u963f\u5c14\u8c22\u5c3c\u8036\u592b\u5c06\u535a\u7269\u9986\u4ea4\u7531\u683c\u62c9\u592b\u7459\u5361\u4e13\u5458\u5361\u5c14-\u4e9a\u8bfa\u7ef4\u5947-\u5362\u514b\u65af\u7ba1\u7406\u300220 \u4e16\u7eaa 20 \u5e74\u4ee3\u540e\u534a\u671f\uff0c\u535a\u7269\u9986\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u57fa\u7840\u5f97\u5230\u52a0\u5f3a\u3002\u9986\u820d\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u5927\u4fee\uff0c\u4e3a\u79d1\u7814\u4eba\u5458\u914d\u5907\u4e86\u5e26\u56fe\u4e66\u9986\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u95f4\uff0c\u8d2d\u7f6e\u4e86\u535a\u7269\u9986\u5bb6\u5177\u548c\u8003\u5bdf\u8bbe\u5907\u3002\u6587\u5316\u548c\u6559\u80b2\u5de5\u4f5c\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u5e7f\u6cdb\u5f00\u5c55\uff1a\u5728\u5b66\u6821\u5730\u65b9\u5386\u53f2\u5c0f\u7ec4\u4e2d\u5f00\u8bbe\u4e86\u8bfe\u7a0b\uff0c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e86\u57ce\u5e02\u548c\u5730\u533a\u5468\u8fb9\u6e38\uff0c\u7b79\u5907\u4e86\u5c55\u89c8\u3001\u5341\u6708\u9769\u547d 10 \u5468\u5e74\u7eaa\u5ff5\u5c55\u3001\u54c8\u5df4\u7f57\u592b\u65af\u514b 70 \u5468\u5e74\u7eaa\u5ff5\u5c55\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5728\u6240\u6709\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u673a\u6784\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e2d\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u76f4\u63a5\u5e72\u9884\u548c\u72ec\u88c1\u7684\u7279\u70b9\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u660e\u663e\u30021930 \u5e74\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u535a\u7269\u9986\u5927\u4f1a\u7684\u51b3\u5b9a\u8981\u6c42\u535a\u7269\u9986\u79ef\u6781\u5411\u516c\u4f17\u5ba3\u4f20\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u5217\u5b81\u4e3b\u4e49\u601d\u60f3\u3002\u5728\u5404\u535a\u7269\u9986\u7684\u5c55\u89c8\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e2d\uff0c\"\u5c55\u793a\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u5c55\u793a\u4e8b\u7269 \"\u7684\u503e\u5411\u88ab\u5ba3\u5e03\u4e3a\u4f18\u5148\u4e8b\u9879\u3002\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5982\u6b64\uff0c\u535a\u7269\u9986\u4ecd\u7136\u4fdd\u7559\u4e86\u53c2\u4e0e\u7814\u7a76\u79d1\u5b66\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u673a\u4f1a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

20 \u4e16\u7eaa 30 \u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u8d44\u91d1\u4e0d\u8db3\u3001\u4eba\u5458\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u548c\u7f3a\u4e4f\u4e13\u4e1a\u4eba\u624d\u4f7f\u535a\u7269\u9986\u9677\u5165\u4e86\u957f\u671f\u5371\u673a\u3002\u4e34\u65f6\u5c55\u89c8\u548c\u5de1\u56de\u5c55\u89c8\u5f00\u59cb\u53d6\u4ee3\u56fa\u5b9a\u5c55\u89c8\u30021936 \u5e74\u81f3 1938 \u5e74\uff0c\u535a\u7269\u9986\u8f6c\u5165\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u6539\u53d8\u535a\u7269\u9986\u7684\u5904\u5883\u300220 \u4e16\u7eaa 30 \u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u9547\u538b\u52a0\u5267\u4e86\u4eba\u4e8b\u95ee\u9898\u30021937-1939 \u5e74\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u9986\u957f\u5728\u5185\u7684\u516d\u540d\u5458\u5de5\u88ab\u6355\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f1f\u5927\u7684\u536b\u56fd\u6218\u4e89\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u535a\u7269\u9986\u7684\u72b6\u51b5\u66f4\u52a0\u6076\u5316\u3002\u7ecf\u8d39\u6025\u5267\u51cf\u5c11\uff0c\u4f46\u535a\u7269\u9986\u5728\u6218\u4e89\u5e74\u4ee3\u7ee7\u7eed\u63a5\u5f85\u53c2\u89c2\u8005\uff0c\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6e38\u89c8\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u5de5\u4f5c\u4eba\u5458\u5728\u8be5\u5730\u533a\u6700\u504f\u8fdc\u7684\u89d2\u843d\u4e3e\u529e\u8bb2\u5ea7\uff0c\u5faa\u73af\u64ad\u653e\u5e7f\u64ad\u8282\u76ee\u548c\u51fa\u7248\u520a\u7269\uff0c\u5e76\u79ef\u6781\u5f00\u5c55\u5c55\u89c8\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u7ea2\u519b\u6218\u7ee9\u548c\u56fd\u5bb6\u519b\u4e8b\u53f2\u5c55\u89c8\u5360\u636e\u4e86\u4e3b\u8981\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6218\u540e\uff0c\u4e3a\u76ee\u524d\u7684\u5efa\u7b51\u7ef4\u4fee\u3001\u4e16\u535a\u4f1a\u7684\u66f4\u65b0\u4ee5\u53ca\u8d22\u4ea7\u7684\u534f\u8c03\u627e\u5230\u4e86\u8d44\u91d1\u30021946 \u5e74\uff0c\u8be5\u5730\u533a\u7684\u5c45\u6c11\u6709\u673a\u4f1a\u4e86\u89e3\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u5efa\u8bbe\u90e8\u7684\u65b0\u535a\u89c8\u4f1a\u3002\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd8\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e86\u4e00\u6b21\u5bf9\u970d\u5c14\u6cb3\u4e0a\u6e38\u5730\u533a\u7684\u8003\u5bdf\uff0c\u7ed3\u679c\u4e3a\u535a\u7269\u9986\u589e\u52a0\u4e86 150 \u4ef6\u4eba\u79cd\u5b66\u85cf\u54c1\u548c 200 \u79cd\u690d\u7269\u6807\u672c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

20 \u4e16\u7eaa 60-70 \u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u56fd\u5bb6\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u751f\u6d3b\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u91cd\u5927\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u65c5\u6e38\u4e1a\u548c\u56fd\u9645\u4ea4\u5f80\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u5438\u5f15\u4e86\u56fd\u5bb6\u5bf9\u535a\u7269\u9986\u7684\u5173\u6ce8\u3002\u5728\u54c8\u5df4\u7f57\u592b\u65af\u514b\u5730\u65b9\u4f20\u8bf4\u535a\u7269\u9986\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u4e0a\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u65f6\u671f\u4e5f\u53d1\u751f\u4e86\u5de8\u5927\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8be5\u5730\u533a\u8457\u540d\u7684\u72e9\u730e\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5bb6\u548c\u4f5c\u5bb6 Vsevolod Petrovich Sysoev \u62c5\u4efb\u54c8\u5df4\u7f57\u592b\u65af\u514b\u535a\u7269\u9986\u9986\u957f\u3002\u5728\u4e0d\u6539\u53d8\u535a\u7269\u9986\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\uff0cV.P. Sysoev \u4e3a\u535a\u7269\u9986\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u5f15\u5165\u4e86\u65b0\u4e3e\u63aa\u3002\u5728\u9769\u65b0\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u542f\u53d1\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e00\u5c0f\u90e8\u5206\u52b3\u52a8\u96c6\u4f53\u5728\u91cd\u65b0\u5c55\u793a\u6240\u6709\u90e8\u95e8\u65b9\u9762\u505a\u4e86\u5927\u91cf\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5e1d\u56fd\u56fd\u5fbd\u3001\u65af\u62c9\u592b\u5b9a\u5c45\u8005\u7684\u4eba\u79cd\u5b66\u85cf\u54c1\u3001\u559c\u9a6c\u62c9\u96c5\u718a\u7684\u5de2\u7a74\u548c\u5c45\u4f4f\u8005\u3001\u5343\u5e74\u7d2b\u6749\u6811\u5e72\u7b49\u73cd\u8d35\u5c55\u54c1\u4e30\u5bcc\u4e86\u535a\u7269\u9986\u7684\u85cf\u54c1\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0e\u535a\u7269\u9986\u7684\u73b0\u6709\u5f62\u8c61\u878d\u4e3a\u4e00\u4f53\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

1975 \u5e74\uff0c\u5728\u4e3b\u697c\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u4e0a\u589e\u5efa\u4e86\u4e00\u680b\u603b\u9762\u79ef\u4e3a 1650 \u5e73\u65b9\u7c73\u7684\u65b0\u697c\uff0c\u697c\u5185\u6709\u4e00\u5e45\u72ec\u7279\u7684 \"\u6c83\u6d1b\u6070\u8036\u592b\u65af\u5361\u5a05\u6218\u5f79 \"\u5168\u666f\u56fe\uff0c\u7531 M.B. \u683c\u5217\u79d1\u592b\u519b\u4e8b\u827a\u672f\u5bb6\u5de5\u4f5c\u5ba4\uff08\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\uff09\u6210\u5458 A.A. \u6208\u5c14\u6f58\u79d1\u548c\u6218\u5f79\u827a\u672f\u5bb6 S.D. \u963f\u52a0\u6ce2\u592b\u521b\u4f5c\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u54c8\u5df4\u7f57\u592b\u65af\u514b\u8fb9\u7586\u533a\u535a\u7269\u9986\u79ef\u6781\u4e0e\u6e38\u5ba2\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u56fd\u5185\u65c5\u6e38\u4e1a\u8fc5\u901f\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u53c2\u89c2\u4eba\u6570\u6025\u5267\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u6bcf\u5e74\u8fbe 20 \u4e07\u4eba\u6b21\u3002\u535a\u7269\u9986\u6210\u4e3a 20 \u4e16\u7eaa 60-80 \u5e74\u4ee3\u8bbf\u95ee\u8be5\u5730\u533a\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u7ea7\u522b\u653f\u5e9c\u5ba2\u4eba\u7684\u5c55\u793a\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8be5\u535a\u7269\u9986\u88ab\u6388\u4e88 \"\u82cf\u8054\u6700\u4f73\u535a\u7269\u9986 \"\u79f0\u53f7\uff0c\u5e76\u83b7\u5f97\u82cf\u8054\u6587\u5316\u90e8\u9881\u53d1\u7684\u7ea2\u65d7\u3002<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

\u54c8\u5df4\u7f57\u592b\u65af\u514b\u5730\u65b9\u4f20\u8bf4\u535a\u7269\u9986\u5f53\u5e74\u53d6\u5f97\u7684\u6210\u5c31\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u9ad8\u5ea6\u8ba4\u53ef\u3002\u5b83\u88ab\u6388\u4e88 \"\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u82cf\u7ef4\u57c3\u8054\u90a6\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u5171\u548c\u56fd\u6700\u4f73\u535a\u7269\u9986 \"\u79f0\u53f7\uff0c\u5e76\u83b7\u5f97\u82cf\u8054\u6587\u5316\u90e8\u9881\u53d1\u7684\u7ea2\u65d7\u3002\u4f46\u662f\uff0c\u666e\u901a\u6e38\u5ba2\u548c\u8d35\u5bbe\u5bf9\u535a\u7269\u9986\u5de5\u4f5c\u4eba\u5458\u7684\u611f\u6fc0\u4e4b\u60c5\u624d\u662f\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eec\u52b3\u52a8\u7684\u6700\u9ad8\u5956\u8d4f\u3002 \u6770\u51fa\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u3001\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u5bb6 A.P. \u5965\u514b\u62c9\u5fb7\u5c3c\u79d1\u592b\u9662\u58eb\u5bf9\u54c8\u5df4\u7f57\u592b\u65af\u514b\u535a\u7269\u9986\u7559\u4e0b\u4e86\u70ed\u60c5\u6d0b\u6ea2\u7684\u8bc4\u4ef7\uff1a\"\u5173\u4e8e\u8fdc\u4e1c\u7684\u4e66\uff0c\u6ca1\u6709\u6bd4\u8fd9\u672c\u535a\u7269\u9986\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u4e86\uff01\"\u3002<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

20 \u4e16\u7eaa 80 \u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u535a\u7269\u9986\u52a0\u5f3a\u4e86\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u65b9\u9762\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u6839\u636e\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u8054\u90a6\u6587\u5316\u90e8\u7684\u547d\u4ee4\uff0c\u8be5\u535a\u7269\u9986\u88ab\u5ba3\u5e03\u4e3a\u8fdc\u4e1c\u5730\u533a\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u548c\u65b9\u6cd5\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002\u535a\u7269\u9986\u5f00\u59cb\u79ef\u6781\u5f71\u54cd\u8be5\u5730\u533a\u535a\u7269\u9986\u7f51\u7edc\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728 20 \u4e16\u7eaa 90 \u5e74\u4ee3\u7684\u56f0\u96be\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u54c8\u5df4\u7f57\u592b\u65af\u514b\u8fb9\u7586\u533a\u535a\u7269\u9986\u5fc5\u987b\u786e\u5b9a\u53d1\u5c55\u65b9\u5411\uff0c\u4e3a \u7ecf\u6d4e\u751f\u5b58\u521b\u9020\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u65b0\u4efb\u9986\u957f\u5c3c\u53e4\u62c9-\u4f0a\u4e07\u8bfa\u7ef4\u5947-\u9c81\u73ed\uff08Nikolai Ivanovich Ruban\uff09\u505a\u51fa\u4e86\u5de8\u5927\u52aa\u529b\uff0c\u786e\u4fdd\u535a\u7269\u9986\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u662f\u7814\u7a76\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u4e0e\u6b64\u540c\u65f6\uff0c\u535a\u7269\u9986\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u57fa\u7840\u66f4\u65b0\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e5f\u5f97\u5230\u4e86\u52a0\u5f3a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1994 \u5e74--\u535a\u7269\u9986\u767e\u5e74\u7eaa\u5ff5\u4e4b\u5e74--\u683c\u7f57\u5fb7\u79d1\u592b\u7684\u540d\u5b57\u91cd\u65b0\u56de\u5230\u4e86\u535a\u7269\u9986\u7684\u540d\u79f0\u4e2d\u30021996 \u5e74\uff0c\u4e3e\u529e\u4e86\u7b2c\u4e00\u5c4a \"\u683c\u7f57\u5fb7\u79d1\u592b\u8bfb\u672c \"\u79d1\u5b66\u4f1a\u8bae\u30022000 \u5e74\uff0c\u535a\u7269\u9986\u88ab\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u8054\u90a6\u79d1\u6280\u90e8\u8ba4\u5b9a\u4e3a\u79d1\u7814\u673a\u6784\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u91cd\u65b0\u4e3e\u529e\u4e86 \"\u54c8\u5df4\u7f57\u592b\u65af\u514b\u8fb9\u7586\u533a\u7684\u81ea\u7136 \"\u5c55\u89c8\uff0c\u5e76\u4e13\u95e8\u4e3a\u963f\u7a46\u5c14\u5dde\u571f\u8457\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u4eba\u79cd\u5b66\u548c\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u8fdc\u4e1c\u5185\u6218\u4e8b\u4ef6\u4e3e\u529e\u4e86\u65b0\u7684\u5c55\u89c8\u30021998 \u5e74\uff0c\u8003\u53e4\u535a\u7269\u9986\u5f00\u59cb\u5728\u4e00\u5ea7\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u5efa\u7b51--\u8054\u90a6\u91cd\u8981\u7eaa\u5ff5\u7891 \"B.P. Lyubben \u6536\u5165\u4e4b\u5bb6 \"\u4e2d\u5f00\u5c55\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u513f\u7ae5\u535a\u7269\u9986\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4e5f\u540c\u65f6\u5f00\u653e\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7531\u4e8e\u5b8c\u6210\u4e86\u521b\u5efa\u65b0\u5c55\u89c8\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u8be5\u535a\u7269\u9986\u4e8e 2000 \u5e74\u5728 \"\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u4e4b\u7a97 \"\u7ade\u8d5b\u4e2d\u83b7\u80dc\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u8054\u90a6\u5730\u533a\u535a\u7269\u9986\u4e2d\u88ab\u8bc4\u4e3a \"\u5e74\u5ea6\u535a\u7269\u9986\"\u3002<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\uff0c\u56fd\u9645\u5408\u4f5c\u4e0d\u65ad\u52a0\u5f3a\uff0c\u535a\u7269\u9986\u8003\u5bdf\u7684\u5730\u57df\u8303\u56f4\u4e0d\u65ad\u6269\u5927\u3002\u535a\u7269\u9986\u5de5\u4f5c\u4eba\u5458\u8bbf\u95ee\u4e86\u9102\u970d\u6b21\u514b\u6d77\u5cb8\u3001\u5c3c\u53e4\u62c9\u8036\u592b\u65af\u57fa\u533a\u3001\u56fe\u53e4\u7f57-\u4e18\u7c73\u5eb7\u65af\u57fa\u533a\u3001\u963f\u4e9a\u8bfa-\u6885\u65af\u57fa\u533a\u3002\u54c8\u5df4\u7f57\u592b\u65af\u514b\u535a\u7269\u9986\u5f00\u59cb\u79ef\u6781\u4e0e\u5916\u56fd\u535a\u7269\u9986\u4ea4\u6d41\u5c55\u89c8\u548c\u5c55\u54c1\u3002\u6765\u81ea\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u5c55\u89c8--\"\u963f\u4f0a\u52aa\u4eba\u7684\u827a\u672f\"\uff08\u767d\u8001\uff09\u3001\"\u9752\u68ee--\u65e5\u672c\u5317\u65b9\u7684\u5fc3\u810f\"\uff08\u9752\u68ee\uff09\u3001\u7f8e\u56fd\u6ce2\u7279\u5170\u5e02\u7684\u5c55\u89c8--\"\u5927\u6d0b\u7684\u6a2a\u6d41\"--\u8bbf\u95ee\u4e86\u54c8\u5df4\u7f57\u592b\u65af\u514b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2008 \u5e74\u535a\u7269\u9986\u65b0\u697c\u843d\u6210\uff0c\u521b\u5efa\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5168\u65b0\u7684\u5c55\u89c8\u7cfb\u7edf--\u963f\u7a46\u5c14\u535a\u7269\u9986\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u73b0\u4ee3\u521b\u65b0\u6280\u672f\u3001\u4e92\u52a8\u5f0f\u513f\u7ae5\u535a\u7269\u9986\u3001\u65b0\u5c55\u5385\u548c\u73b0\u4ee3\u5316\u4ed3\u50a8\u8bbe\u65bd\uff0c\u6539\u5584\u4e86\u535a\u7269\u9986\u8fd0\u4f5c\u7684\u6280\u672f\u6761\u4ef6--\u6240\u6709\u8fd9\u4e9b\u90fd\u662f\u535a\u7269\u9986\u9010\u6b65\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u7ed3\u679c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

2011 \u5e74\uff0c\u535a\u7269\u9986\u4e3e\u529e\u4e86\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u535a\u7269\u9986\u8054\u76df\u4e3b\u5e2d\u56e2\u548c\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u535a\u7269\u9986\u8054\u76df\u5ba1\u8ba1\u59d4\u5458\u4f1a\u6269\u5927\u4f1a\u8bae\uff0c\u4ee3\u8868\u7406\u4e8b\u4f1a\u6210\u5458\u548c\u8fdc\u4e1c\u8054\u90a6\u533a\u535a\u7269\u9986\u8d1f\u8d23\u4eba\u53c2\u52a0\u4e86\u4f1a\u8bae\u3002\u5171\u6709 98 \u4eba\u53c2\u52a0\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u5728\u8fdc\u4e1c\u5730\u533a\u4e3e\u884c\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u6b21\u4e3b\u5e2d\u56e2\u4f1a\u8bae\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2010 \u5e74\u81f3 2013 \u5e74\uff0c\u535a\u7269\u9986\u9646\u7eed\u4e3e\u529e\u4e86\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u5386\u53f2\u5c55\u89c8\uff0c\u5e76\u5bf9 \"\u6c83\u6d1b\u6070\u8036\u592b\u65af\u5361\u4e9a\u5168\u666f\u6218\u5f79 \"\u6cb9\u753b\u8fdb\u884c\u4e86\u591a\u9636\u6bb5\u4fee\u590d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2011 \u5e74\uff0c\u535a\u7269\u9986\u9996\u6b21\u53c2\u52a0\u4e86 \"\u56fd\u9645\u535a\u7269\u9986\u4e4b\u591c \"\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u81ea 2014 \u5e74\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c\u5b83\u4e00\u76f4\u662f\u5168\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af \"\u827a\u672f\u4e4b\u591c \"\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u53c2\u4e0e\u8005\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2012 \u5e74\uff0c\u4e1c\u6b63\u6559\u5386\u53f2\u5c55\u89c8\u5f00\u5e55\uff0c\u8be5\u5c55\u89c8\u6db5\u76d6\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5927\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u65f6\u671f\uff08\u4ece XVII \u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u5230 XXI \u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\uff09\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u5730\u7406\u8986\u76d6\u9762\uff08\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5305\u62ec\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u8fdc\u4e1c\u5730\u533a\uff0c\u8fd8\u5305\u62ec\u8fdc\u4e1c\u56fd\u5bb6\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728\u535a\u7269\u9986\u5efa\u9986 120 \u5468\u5e74\uff082014 \u5e74\uff09\u4e4b\u9645\uff0c\u4e3e\u529e\u4e86\u8fdc\u4e1c\u535a\u7269\u9986\u8bba\u575b \"\u535a\u7269\u9986--\u4e00\u672c\u9762\u5411\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u7684\u5f00\u653e\u4e4b\u4e66\"\uff0c\u5f00\u8bbe\u4e86\u4e24\u4e2a\u65b0\u5c55\u89c8--\"\u963f\u7a46\u5c14\u65af\u57fa-\u4e4c\u7279\u65af \"\u535a\u7269\u9986\u548c\u6587\u5316\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5927\u697c\u5185\u7684 \"\u5dde\u957f\u5ba2\u5385\"\uff08\u7b2c\u4e00\u9636\u6bb5\uff09\u548c\u8003\u53e4\u535a\u7269\u9986\u5185\u7684\u4e92\u52a8\u5c55\u89c8 \"\u5730\u4e0b\u8ff7\u5bab\"\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2021 \u5e74\uff0c\"\u54c8\u5df4\u7f57\u592b\u65af\u514b\u8fb9\u7586\u533a\u6c11\u65cf\u4f20\u7edf\u6587\u5316 \"\u535a\u89c8\u4f1a\u5728\u5168\u9762\u91cd\u5efa\u540e\u5f00\u5e55<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

2021 \u5e74\uff0c\u7ecf\u8fc7\u5168\u9762\u91cd\u5efa\uff0c\"\u54c8\u5df4\u7f57\u592b\u65af\u514b\u8fb9\u7586\u533a\u6c11\u65cf\u4f20\u7edf\u6587\u5316 \"\u535a\u89c8\u4f1a\u5f00\u5e55\u3002 \u535a\u7269\u9986\u5c55\u51fa\u4e86 700 \u591a\u4ef6 19 \u4e16\u7eaa\u81f3 21 \u4e16\u7eaa\u7684\u4eba\u79cd\u5b66\u5c55\u54c1\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u8bb8\u591a\u5c55\u54c1\u662f\u5728 19 \u4e16\u7eaa\u672b\u535a\u7269\u9986\u521b\u5efa\u65f6\u671f\u6536\u96c6\u7684\uff0c\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u666e\u91cc\u963f\u7a46\u5c14\u8036\u5730\u533a\u571f\u8457\u5c45\u6c11\u4f20\u7edf\u6587\u5316\u7684\u72ec\u7279\u6837\u672c\u3002\u6240\u6709\u4f5c\u54c1\u5747\u7531 Transneft-Dalniy Vostok \u516c\u53f8\u8d44\u52a9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u535a\u7269\u9986\u79ef\u6781\u5f00\u5c55\u7b79\u6b3e\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u6bcf\u5e74\u90fd\u662f\u5404\u79cd\u6148\u5584\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u7ade\u8d5b\u7684\u4f18\u80dc\u8005\u3002\u8d60\u6b3e\u7528\u4e8e\u5b9e\u65bd \"\u5185\u6218\u8d27\u5e01\u3002\u6743\u529b\u7684\u6e38\u620f\"\uff082017 \u5e74\uff09\u3001\"Khehtsir \u6545\u4e8b\"\uff082018 \u5e74\uff09\u3001\"\u5f7c\u5f97-\u5e0c\u59c6\u514b\u7ef4\u5947\u3002\u88ab\u9057\u5fd8\u7684\u65c5\u7a0b\"\u3002(2021\u5e74\uff09\u3001\"\u666e\u91cc\u963f\u7a46\u5c14\u8036\u5730\u6bef\"\uff082021\u5e74\uff09\u3002\u5728\u6148\u5584\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u548c\u8d5e\u52a9\u5546\u7684\u8d44\u52a9\u4e0b\uff0c\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u535a\u7269\u9986\u85cf\u54c1\u548c\u5c55\u89c8\u76ee\u5f55\uff0c\u5e76\u4e3e\u529e\u4e86\u5404\u79cd\u4f1a\u8bae\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ece 2016 \u5e74\u5230 2020 \u5e74\uff0c\u54c8\u5df4\u7f57\u592b\u65af\u514b\u8fb9\u7586\u533a\u535a\u7269\u9986\u53c2\u52a0\u4e86 \"\u6536\u85cf\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\"\uff08Collecting Russia\uff09\u9879\u76ee\uff0c\u8be5\u9879\u76ee\u65e8\u5728\u514b\u670d\u5730\u533a\u535a\u7269\u9986\u7684\u5b64\u7acb\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u5b83\u4eec\u4e4b\u95f4\u5efa\u7acb\u6a2a\u5411\u8054\u7cfb\u3002\u5728\u5f17\u62c9\u57fa\u7c73\u5c14-\u6ce2\u5854\u5b81\u6148\u5584\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\uff08Vladimir Potanin Charitable Foundation\uff09\u7684\u652f\u6301\u4e0b\uff0c\u54c8\u5df4\u7f57\u592b\u65af\u514b\u548c\u8fb9\u7586\u533a\u7684\u5c45\u6c11\u901a\u8fc7\u53c2\u89c2 \"\u6536\u85cf\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af \"\u5c55\u89c8\uff0c\u4e86\u89e3\u4e86\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u519c\u6751\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u6587\u5316\u3002\u7a46\u7f57\u59c6\u5386\u53f2\u827a\u672f\u535a\u7269\u9986\u85cf\u54c1\u5c55\"\uff082016 \u5e74\uff09\u3001\"\u6536\u85cf\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u3002\u5f7c\u5c14\u59c6\u8bf8\u795e\"\uff082017 \u5e74\uff09\u3001\"\u6536\u85cf\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u3002\u5927\u8bfa\u592b\u54e5\u7f57\u5fb7\"\uff082018\u5e74\uff09\u3001\"\u6536\u85cf\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u3002100%\u4f0a\u4e07\u8bfa\u6c83\"\uff082020\u5e74\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 \u4e0e\u5730\u533a\u548c\u8054\u90a6\u535a\u7269\u9986\u8fdb\u884c\u5c55\u89c8\u4ea4\u6d41\u662f\u5c55\u89c8\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u5fc5\u4fee\u8bfe\u3002\u535a\u7269\u9986\u5c55\u5385\u6bcf\u5e74\u81f3\u5c11\u4e3e\u529e\u4e94\u573a\u6765\u81ea\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u5404\u8054\u90a6\u535a\u7269\u9986\u7684\u5c55\u89c8\uff0c\u6bcf\u5e74\u5c55\u89c8\u603b\u6570\u8fbe\u5230 70 \u573a\u3002<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

 2021 \u5e74\uff0c\u5927\u578b\u535a\u7269\u9986\u95f4\u5c55\u89c8\u9879\u76ee \"\u524d\u8fdb\u4e4b\u8def \"\u542f\u52a8\uff0c\u8be5\u9879\u76ee\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u4e1c\u73af\u548c\u91d1\u73af\u5730\u533a\u5404\u6c11\u65cf\u7684\u827a\u672f\u9057\u4ea7\u300216 \u5bb6\u53c2\u4e0e\u535a\u7269\u9986\u7684\u5c55\u54c1\u5c06\u5728\u5168\u56fd\u5404\u5730\u8fdb\u884c\u827a\u672f\u5de1\u5c55\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u8bb8\u591a\u5c55\u54c1\u4ece\u672a\u79bb\u5f00\u8fc7\u535a\u89c8\u4f1a\u7684\u8303\u56f4\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u4ece\u672a\u79bb\u5f00\u8fc7\u4ed3\u5e93\u3002\u8be5\u9879\u76ee\u7531\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u8054\u90a6\u6587\u5316\u90e8\u3001\u652f\u6301\u5546\u4e1a\u8ba1\u5212\u548c\u9879\u76ee\u7a81\u7834\u57fa\u91d1\u4f1a\u3001ROSIZO \u56fd\u5bb6\u535a\u7269\u9986\u548c\u5c55\u89c8\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4ee5\u53ca\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u6c11\u65cf\u5b66\u535a\u7269\u9986\u5171\u540c\u5b9e\u65bd\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u8fd8\u5728\u5730\u533a\u4e00\u7ea7\u5f00\u5c55\u4e86\u535a\u7269\u9986\u95f4\u5408\u4f5c\uff0c\u4ee5\u5b9e\u65bd\u8054\u5408\u5c55\u89c8\u548c\u6559\u80b2\u3001\u5305\u5bb9\u6027\u548c\u6559\u80b2\u9879\u76ee\uff0c\u786e\u4fdd\u6700\u5927\u9650\u5ea6\u5730\u5229\u7528\u54c8\u5df4\u7f57\u592b\u65af\u514b\u8fb9\u7586\u533a\u5404\u535a\u7269\u9986\u6536\u85cf\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u6587\u5316\u9057\u4ea7\u30022019 \u5e74\u6210\u7acb\u4e86\u54c8\u5df4\u7f57\u592b\u65af\u514b\u8fb9\u7586\u533a\u535a\u7269\u9986\u534f\u4f1a\uff0c\u683c\u7f57\u5fb7\u79d1\u592b\u65af\u57fa\u535a\u7269\u9986\u662f\u5176\u521b\u59cb\u4eba\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002\u8be5\u534f\u4f1a\u5df2\u7ecf\u8054\u5408\u4e86 17 \u5bb6\u535a\u7269\u9986\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u683c\u7f57\u5fb7\u79d1\u6c83\u535a\u7269\u9986\u4f5c\u4e3a\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u6559\u80b2\u4e2d\u5fc3\u4e3e\u529e\u4e86\u535a\u7269\u9986\u4e1a\u52a1\u4e13\u9898\u8bb2\u4e60\u73ed \u81ea 2000 \u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u4ee5\u6765\uff0c350 \u591a\u540d\u535a\u7269\u9986\u4e13\u5bb6\u53c2\u52a0\u4e86\u683c\u7f57\u5fb7\u79d1\u6c83\u535a\u7269\u9986\u7684\u8bfe\u7a0b\u548c\u8bb2\u4e60\u73ed\u3002\u4e0d\u4ec5\u683c\u7f57\u5fb7\u79d1\u6c83\u535a\u7269\u9986\u7684\u4e13\u5bb6\uff0c\u83ab\u65af\u79d1\u548c\u5723\u5f7c\u5f97\u5821\u4e3b\u8981\u535a\u7269\u9986\u7684\u5458\u5de5\u4e5f\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e86\u8bfe\u7a0b\u548c\u8bb2\u4e60\u73ed\u7684\u4e3e\u529e\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u5b9e\u8df5\u50ac\u751f\u4e86 \"\u535a\u7269\u9986\u53a8\u623f\"\uff082018,2019\uff09\u8fd9\u4e00\u4ee5\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e3a\u5bfc\u5411\u7684\u521b\u9020\u6027\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\uff0c\"\u53a8\u623f \"\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u4f7f\u4eba\u4eec\u5f97\u4ee5\u8d85\u8d8a\u7406\u8bba\u5de5\u4f5c\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u9009\u62e9\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u4e13\u4e1a\u6210\u957f \"\u98df\u8c31\"\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u5b66\u79d1\u3001\u4eba\u79cd\u5b66\u3001\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u3001\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u3001\u6587\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u548c\u6587\u5316\u7814\u7a76\u9886\u57df\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u4ecd\u7136\u662f\u535a\u7269\u9986\u6d3b\u52a8\u7684\u4f18\u5148\u9886\u57df\u3002\u5de5\u4f5c\u4eba\u5458\u7684\u79d1\u7814\u6210\u679c\u4ee5\u6587\u7ae0\u96c6\u3001\u76ee\u5f55\u3001\u4e13\u8457\u3001\u5168\u4fc4\u548c\u56fd\u9645\u79d1\u5b66\u4f1a\u8bae\u8d44\u6599\u3001\u5c55\u89c8\u548c\u535a\u89c8\u4f1a\u65b9\u6848\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u51fa\u7248\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u76ee\u524d\uff0c\u535a\u7269\u9986\u85cf\u54c1\u603b\u8ba1\u7ea6 50 \u4e07\u4ef6\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u7ee7\u7eed\u79ef\u6781\u6269\u5145\u3002 <\/strong>\u5728\u535a\u7269\u9986\u85cf\u54c1\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u5316\uff0c\u7279\u522b\u662f\u76ee\u5f55\u7684\u51fa\u7248\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u5f00\u5c55\u4e86\u7cfb\u7edf\u800c\u8270\u82e6\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002\u5728\u8fc7\u53bb 10 \u5e74\u4e2d\uff0c\u535a\u7269\u9986\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u8d85\u8fc7 16 \u79cd\u85cf\u54c1\u76ee\u5f55\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5728\u5927\u6d41\u884c\u75c5\u65f6\u671f\uff0c\u535a\u7269\u9986\u4e0e\u516c\u4f17\u548c\u4e13\u4e1a\u754c\u7684\u4ea4\u6d41\u8fdb\u5165\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b0\u7684\u9636\u6bb5\u3002\u8fd9\u4e0d\u4ec5\u6d89\u53ca\u4e0e\u6f5c\u5728\u89c2\u4f17\u548c\u540c\u884c\u8fdb\u884c\u5728\u7ebf\u4e92\u52a8\uff0c\u8fd8\u6d89\u53ca\u91cd\u65b0\u601d\u8003\u535a\u7269\u9986\u5728\u6587\u5316\u9886\u57df\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u3001\u62d3\u5c55\u5730\u7406\u548c\u4ea4\u6d41\u6e20\u9053\u3001\u4ee5\u65b0\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u6536\u96c6\u548c\u5c55\u793a\u79d1\u5b66\u8d44\u6599\u3002<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

1894 \u5e74 4 \u6708 19 \u65e5\uff0c\u54c8\u5df4\u7f57\u592b\u65af\u514b\u535a\u7269\u9986\u5728\u5e02\u6c11\u3001\u90e8\u961f\u4ee3\u8868\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u754c\u77e5\u8bc6\u5206\u5b50\u548c\u9ad8\u7ea7\u5b98\u5458\u7684\u89c1\u8bc1\u4e0b\u5f00\u9986\u3002\u4e0e\u5f53\u65f6\u7684\u4efb\u4f55\u65b0\u4f01\u4e1a\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u5f00\u9986\u4eea\u5f0f\u4f34\u968f\u7740\u7948\u7977\u4eea\u5f0f\u3002\u9996\u5c4a\u535a\u7269\u9986\u535a\u89c8\u4f1a\u5728\u4f4d\u4e8e Tikhmenevskaya \u8857\uff08\u73b0 Seryshev \u8857\uff09\u7684\u836f\u623f\u4ed3\u5e93\u5185\u4e3e\u884c\uff0c\u8be5\u4ed3\u5e93\u7531\u666e\u91cc\u963f\u7a46\u5c14\u65af\u57fa\u533a\u519b\u533b\u7763\u5bdf\u74e6\u897f\u91cc-\u5c3c\u53e4\u62c9\u8036\u7ef4\u5947-\u62c9\u8fbe\u79d1\u592b\u7ba1\u8f96\u3002<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-79","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\n\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0413\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u044f<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u041f\u0443\u0442\u044c \u0413\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u044f \u043e\u0442 \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430. \u0413\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u044f \u0432 \u0425\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0435\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/hkm.ru\/zh\/istoriya-muzeya\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"zh_CN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0413\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u044f\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u041f\u0443\u0442\u044c \u0413\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u044f \u043e\u0442 \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430. \u0413\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u044f \u0432 \u0425\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0435\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/hkm.ru\/zh\/istoriya-muzeya\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"\u0425\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u041d. \u0418. \u0413\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-04-05T11:21:55+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/hkm.ru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/12-1-scaled.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"971\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1280\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u9884\u8ba1\u9605\u8bfb\u65f6\u95f4\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"16 \u5206\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/hkm.ru\\\/istoriya-muzeya\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/hkm.ru\\\/istoriya-muzeya\\\/\",\"name\":\"\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0413\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u044f\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/hkm.ru\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/hkm.ru\\\/istoriya-muzeya\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/hkm.ru\\\/istoriya-muzeya\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/hkm.ru\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2022\\\/01\\\/12-1-777x1024.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2021-05-29T11:47:11+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-04-05T11:21:55+00:00\",\"description\":\"\u041f\u0443\u0442\u044c \u0413\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u044f \u043e\u0442 \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430. \u0413\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u044f \u0432 \u0425\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0435\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/hkm.ru\\\/istoriya-muzeya\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"zh-Hans\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/hkm.ru\\\/istoriya-muzeya\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"zh-Hans\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/hkm.ru\\\/istoriya-muzeya\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/hkm.ru\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2022\\\/01\\\/12-1-777x1024.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/hkm.ru\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2022\\\/01\\\/12-1-777x1024.jpg\"},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/hkm.ru\\\/istoriya-muzeya\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"\u0413\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/hkm.ru\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u044f\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/hkm.ru\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/hkm.ru\\\/\",\"name\":\"\u0425\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u041d. \u0418. \u0413\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\",\"description\":\"\u0413\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0439\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/hkm.ru\\\/#organization\"},\"alternateName\":\"Grodekov Museum\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/hkm.ru\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"zh-Hans\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/hkm.ru\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"\u0425\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u041d. \u0418. \u0413\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\",\"alternateName\":\"Grodekov Museum\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/hkm.ru\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"zh-Hans\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/hkm.ru\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/hkm.ru\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/12\\\/icon-270-x-270.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/hkm.ru\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2025\\\/12\\\/icon-270-x-270.png\",\"width\":270,\"height\":270,\"caption\":\"\u0425\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u041d. \u0418. \u0413\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/hkm.ru\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"}}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0413\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u044f","description":"\u041f\u0443\u0442\u044c \u0413\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u044f \u043e\u0442 \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430. \u0413\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u044f \u0432 \u0425\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0435","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/hkm.ru\/zh\/istoriya-muzeya\/","og_locale":"zh_CN","og_type":"article","og_title":"\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0413\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u044f","og_description":"\u041f\u0443\u0442\u044c \u0413\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u044f \u043e\u0442 \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430. \u0413\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u044f \u0432 \u0425\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0435","og_url":"https:\/\/hkm.ru\/zh\/istoriya-muzeya\/","og_site_name":"\u0425\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u041d. \u0418. \u0413\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430","article_modified_time":"2026-04-05T11:21:55+00:00","og_image":[{"width":971,"height":1280,"url":"https:\/\/hkm.ru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/12-1-scaled.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"\u9884\u8ba1\u9605\u8bfb\u65f6\u95f4":"16 \u5206"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/hkm.ru\/istoriya-muzeya\/","url":"https:\/\/hkm.ru\/istoriya-muzeya\/","name":"\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0413\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u044f","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/hkm.ru\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/hkm.ru\/istoriya-muzeya\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/hkm.ru\/istoriya-muzeya\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/hkm.ru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/12-1-777x1024.jpg","datePublished":"2021-05-29T11:47:11+00:00","dateModified":"2026-04-05T11:21:55+00:00","description":"\u041f\u0443\u0442\u044c \u0413\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u044f \u043e\u0442 \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e-\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430. \u0413\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u044f \u0432 \u0425\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0435","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/hkm.ru\/istoriya-muzeya\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"zh-Hans","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/hkm.ru\/istoriya-muzeya\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"zh-Hans","@id":"https:\/\/hkm.ru\/istoriya-muzeya\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/hkm.ru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/12-1-777x1024.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/hkm.ru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/12-1-777x1024.jpg"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/hkm.ru\/istoriya-muzeya\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"\u0413\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0430","item":"https:\/\/hkm.ru\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u044f"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/hkm.ru\/#website","url":"https:\/\/hkm.ru\/","name":"\u4ee5 N.I. \u683c\u7f57\u6770\u79d1\u592b\u547d\u540d\u7684\u54c8\u5df4\u7f57\u592b\u65af\u514b\u8fb9\u7586\u533a\u535a\u7269\u9986","description":"\u683c\u7f57\u5fb7\u79d1\u592b\u65af\u57fa\u535a\u7269\u9986","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/hkm.ru\/#organization"},"alternateName":"Grodekov Museum","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/hkm.ru\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"zh-Hans"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/hkm.ru\/#organization","name":"\u4ee5 N.I. \u683c\u7f57\u6770\u79d1\u592b\u547d\u540d\u7684\u54c8\u5df4\u7f57\u592b\u65af\u514b\u8fb9\u7586\u533a\u535a\u7269\u9986","alternateName":"Grodekov Museum","url":"https:\/\/hkm.ru\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"zh-Hans","@id":"https:\/\/hkm.ru\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/hkm.ru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/icon-270-x-270.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/hkm.ru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/icon-270-x-270.png","width":270,"height":270,"caption":"\u0425\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0443\u0437\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u041d. \u0418. \u0413\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/hkm.ru\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"}}]}},"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/hkm.ru\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/79","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/hkm.ru\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/hkm.ru\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hkm.ru\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/hkm.ru\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=79"}],"version-history":[{"count":21,"href":"https:\/\/hkm.ru\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/79\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2941,"href":"https:\/\/hkm.ru\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/79\/revisions\/2941"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/hkm.ru\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=79"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}